by-nc

Montagne Saint-Victoire

Maker

(artist)
1839-1906

Title

Montagne Saint-Victoire

Date of Production

(circa) 1885 - 1887

Medium

graphite and watercolour on laid paper, the pictorial area now discoloured with acid burns left behind by a former mount

Dimensions

Height: 33 cm
Width: 51.1 cm

Accession Number

D.1932.SC.110

Mode of Acquisition

Samuel Courtauld, gift, 1932

Credit

The Courtauld, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust)

Copyright

Work in the public domain

Location

Not currently on display

Keywords





Label Text

This view of the Montagne Sainte-Victoire, painted from Bellevue looking west, was a favourite of Cézanne's in the late 1870s and 1880s. In contrast with the full, detailed treatment in the oil painting of the same subject (also in The Courtauld collection), the mountain is mapped here with touches of colour offset by large unworked passages. Recession into the distance is suggested through the gradual transition of tones from earthy reds and greens in the foreground to the softer atmospheric blues and pinks on the mountain.

Notes

For this delicate watercolour, Cézanne selected a view of the Montagne Sainte-Victoire similar to that he had chosen for the oil painting in The Courtauld Gallery’s collection. Unlike the canvas, which is formed by a rich build-up of planes of saturated colour, the watercolour features large, unworked passages made three-dimensional through Cézanne’s minimal but descriptive pencil lines and delicate hues. Cézanne’s deep familiarity with the Montagne Sainte-Victoire, which he saw as a symbol of his native Provence and was a source of inspiration throughout his life, allowed him to capture the essence of the mountain with exceptional economy of treatment. The face of the mountain has been scarcely modelled with sparse pencil lines, loose hatching and patches of pale blue watercolour. The foothills and the foreground vegetation have been more intensely worked with subtle and restrained touches of greens, blues, yellows and oranges that have slowly been built up in successive layers. Specific landmarks, such as houses and trees, have been left as mere suggestions; the horizontal strip of blue to the right of the composition may refer to the viaduct that is clearly modelled in the Courtauld oil painting. Colour is used to organise this balanced and serene view of the mountain, with highly saturated warm tones used in the foreground graduating to diluted, cool colours in the distance, while dashes of yellow unite the composition. Though he experimented with the medium early on, Cézanne began to work more seriously in watercolour from the mid 1880s and produced more than 650 watercolours over the course of his career. Some served as direct studies for oil paintings while others were executed as independent works. (Entry from The Courtauld Collection: A Vision for Impressionism, exh. cat., Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris, 2019).

Provenance

by descent to the artist's son, Paul Cézanne, Paris (1872-1947); purchased from him by Ambroise Vollard, Paris (1867-1939), 1907 and immediately sold to Bernheim-Jeune (Paris) to offset the cost, 11 March 1907 [their blue inventory number on the verso; date given by letter from Bernheim-Jeune in file, unsure why Rewald 1983 and thus the online catalogue have it as 12 February; other catalogues have conflicting evidence and that same letter said Bernheim-Jeune had purchased the drawing directly from Cezanne fils, but the blue number on the verso points to this being part of the Vollard/Bernheim-Jeune split works, see note from Fabienne Ruppen for D.1948.SC.111]; purchased there by Gottlieb Friedrich Reber, Barmen (1880-1959), 5 April 1913 (2,100 francs, according to same Bernheim-Jeune letter); Bernheim-Jeune (Paris); purchased there by Percy Moore Turner of Independent Gallery (London), 15 November 1923 (10,000 francs, according to Salmon 2019); purchased there by Samuel Courtauld, London (1876-1947), 12 July 1924 (£350, invoice in file); Courtauld Gift 1932 Cooper 1954 first gave the erroneous provenance that Bernheim-Jeune bought this directly from the artist in 1904, which has been repeated in some of the literature, but which is contradicted by Bernheim-Jeune's letter in the file. It is curious, however, that Bernheim-Jeuene did not know the drawing returned to them and was purchased there again in 1924, as recorded in the Independent Gallery's stockbooks published by Salmon in 2019.

Exhibition History

Reconstructing Cezanne: Sequence and Process in Paul Cezanne's Works on Paper, Luxembourg & Dayan, London, 01/10/2019-10/12/2019

The Courtauld Collection. A Vision for Impressionism, Louis Vuitton Foundation, Paris, 20/02/2019-17/06/2019

The Courtauld Cézannes, The Courtauld Gallery, London, 26/06/2008-05/10/2008 ...More

The Prismatic Pallette, Los Angeles & California & USA, 05/10/2004-02/01/2005

Cezanne Watercolours, The Courtauld Gallery, London, 04/06/2003-31/07/2003

A Passion for Drawings, Collectors at the Courtauld, The Courtauld Gallery, London, 28/02/2002-09/06/2002

Alfred Steiglitz and Modern Art in America, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 28/01/2001-22/04/2001

The Courtauld Collection: Masterpieces of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, 14/06/1998-21/09/1998

The Courtauld Collection, Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, 26/12/1997-12/05/1998

Impressionism for England - Samuel Courtauld as Patron and
Collector
, The Courtauld Gallery, London, 16/06/1994-25/09/1994

Cezanne and Poussin - The Classical Vision of Landscape, National Gallery of Scotland & Edinburgh, 09/08/1990-21/10/1990

Impressionist Drawings from British Public and Private Collections, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 11/03/1986-20/04/1986; Manchester City Art Gallery, Manchester, 30/04/1986-01/06/1986; Burrell Collection, Glasgow, 07/06/1986-13/07/1986

The Impressionists and Post-Impressionists from the Courtauld Collection, Tokyo, 12/01/1984-28/02/1984; Kyoto, 03/03/1984-03/04/1984; Osaka, 12/04/1984-08/05/1984; Australia National Gallery, Canberra, 01/06/1984-06/08/1984

Samuel Courtauld's collection of French 19th century paintings and drawings: a centenary exhibition to commemorate the birth of Samuel Courtauld, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, 1976

Watercolour and Pencil Drawings by Paul Cézanne, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle, 19/09/1973-04/11/1973; Hayward Gallery, London, 13/11/1973-30/12/1973

Cézanne Watercolours, Columbia University, New York, 02/04/1963-20/04/1963

Master Drawings from the Witt and Courtauld Collections, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, 17/11/1962-22/12/1962

Exposition Cézanne: Tableaux - Aquarelles - Dessins, Pavillon de Vendôme, Aix-en-Provence, 1961

Paul Cézanne, Belvedere, Vienna, 1961

Drawings and Engravings from the Courtauld Collection, The Courtauld Gallery, London, December 1959-April 1960

Impressionistes de la Collection Courtauld de Londres, Orangerie, Paris, 1955

French drawings from Fouquet to Gauguin, London, 1952

Het franse landschap van Poussin tot Cézanne, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 18/03/1951-04/06/1951

Landscape in French Art, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1949-1950

Samuel Courtauld memorial exhibition, Tate Gallery, London, 1948

Modern French paintings, Art Gallery, Melbourne, 1939

Leicester Art Gallery, 22/03/1936-21/04/1936

French Art 1200-1900, Royal Academy, London, 1932

Paul Cézanne, Leicester Galleries, London, 1925 (Jun.-Jul.)

Water colors by Cézanne, Photo-Secession Gallery, New York, 1911

Les aquarelles de Cézanne, Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, 17/06/1907-29/06/1907 ...Less

Literature

Salmon, Dimitri, Percy Moore Turner, Précieux Conseiller de Samuel and Elizabeth Courtauld, Fondation Louis Vuitton 2019
pp. 23, 33n151, 34n153, 35, 42n177, 43n182, no. 13 on p. 69
ill. no. 13, p. 69

Serres, Karen (ed.), The Courtauld Collection: A Vision for Impressionism, Paul Holberton Publishing 2019
no. 37, p. 204
ill. p. 205

Reconstructing Cezanne: Sequence and Process in Paul Cezanne's Works on Paper, Luxembourg & Dayan, London, 2019
cat. no. 1
no. 1 and pp. 17-29
ill. pp. 18, 23 (watermark), 49 ...More

'On Margins and Versos: The Hidden Interrelationships Among Cezanne's Works on Paper' in 'Cézanne: Metamorphoses', Munich, Karlsruhe and Krugzell, Germany; New York, 2017, pp. 84-99
p. 96
ill. 11 on p. 97
essay author: Fabienne Ruppen

Salmon, Dimitri, et al., Le Saint Joseph Charpentier de Georges de la Tour: un don au Louvre de Percy Moore Turner, Paris 2017
pp. 404 and 432n486

Bonfort, Didier, Dans les pas de P. Cezanne, Valcros - Bellevue - Montbriand, Aix-en-Provence Feb. 2016
p. 9
ill. repr.

Christopher Lloyd, 'Paul Cézanne: Drawings and Watercolours', London 2015
p. 211
ill. 154 on p. 227

Matthew Simms, 'Cézanne's Watercolors: Between Drawing and Painting', New Haven and London, 2008
pp. 120-124
ill. pl. 85 and facing p. 123 (detail)

The Courtauld Cézannes, The Courtauld Gallery, London, 2008
cat. no. 14
ill. repr. and no. 65 (IRR)
dated c. 1885-87

The prismatic palette: four centuries of watercolors, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 5 October 2004 - 2 January 2005
ill. repr.

Kropmanns, Peter, and Uwe Fleckner, 'Von kontinentaler Bedeutung: Gottlieb Friedrich Reber und seine Sammlungen' in 'Die Moderne und ihre Sammler: französische Kunst in deutschem Privatbesitz vom Kaiserreich zur Weimarer Republik', Berlin 2001
p. 388

The Courtauld Collection: Masterpieces of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Art Gallery of Ontario, 1998
cat. no. 38
ill. p. 78

Terrasse, Antoine, Les aquarelles de Cézanne, Paris 1995
pp. 60-61
ill. repr.

John House, Impressionism for England: Samuel Courtauld as Patron and Collector, Courtauld Institute Galleries 1994
no. 72
ill. p. 187

Cezanne and Poussin - The Classical Vision of Landscape, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1990
cat. no. 52
ill. p. 166

Impressionist, Post-Impressionist and Related Drawings from the Courtauld Collections, Courtauld Gallery, London, 1988
cat. no. 7
dated 1885-87

Christopherr Lloyd, Impressionist Drawings, 1986
ill. no. 64

Impressionist drawings: from British public and private collections, Ashmolean, Oxford; Manchester City Art Gallery; Burrell Collection, Glasgow, 1986
cat. no. 9
ill. fig. 64

The Impressionists and Post-Impressionists from the Courtauld Collection, Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka and Canberra, 1984
cat. no. 17

Mantegna to Cezanne: Master Drawings from the Courtauld, British Museum, London, 1983
cat. no. 100
ill. p. 72 (colour), p. 105 (b&w)

John Rewald, 'Paul Cézanne: The Watercolours', London 1983
no. 279
ill. 279
dated 1885-87

Berger, K., Japonismus in der westlichen Malerei, 1860-1920, Munich 1980
ill. 73

Cézanne, the late work (Cézanne Les dernières années), MOMA, New York, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Grand Palais, Paris, 1977-1978
p. 58

Gowing, L., 'The logic of organized sensations' in 'Dada, Surrealism and their heritage', New York 1977
p. 58

Mazia, Violette de, 'Expression' in 'The Barnes Foundation Journal of the Art Department', Autumn 1974 - pp. 3-32; V, 2
pp. 19-20
ill. pl. 33

Rawson, P., 'Intimate scaffolding' in 'Studio International', Jan. 1974
p. 25
ill. repr.

Watercolour and pencil drawings by Paul Cézanne, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne and Hayward Gallery, London, 1973
cat. no. 55
ill. repr.
cat. author: R. Ratcliffe, dated 1885-87

Perruchot Henri et al., Cézanne: Collection Génies et Réalités, Paris 1972
ill. pl. 130

Siblík, Jiří, Paul Cézanne. Kresby (Paul Cézanne. Dessins), Prague, 1968 and Paris 1972
ill. pl. 47

Cézanne Watercolours, Columbia University, New York, 1963
cat. no. 27
ill. pl. XXVI

Anthony Blunt and Philip Troutman, Master Drawings from the Witt and Courtauld Collections, 1962
cat. no. 55

Exposition Cézanne: Tableaux - Aquarelles - Dessins, Pavillon de Vendôme, Aix-en-Provence, 1961
cat. no. 27
ill. pl. 17

Paul Cézanne, Belvedere, Vienna, 1961
cat. no. 65
ill. pl. 36

Dittmann, L., 'Zur Kunst Cézannes' in 'Festschrift für Kurt Badt', Berlin 1961
p. 205
ill. pl. 5

Drawings and engravings from the Courtauld Collection, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, Dec. 1959 - Apr. 1960, 1959-1960
cat. no. 14

Impressionistes de la Collection Courtauld de Londres, Orangerie, Paris, 1955
cat. no. 71
ill. pl. 50

Cooper, Douglas, The Courtauld Collection, London 1954
no. 110

Carpenter, J.M., 'Cézanne and tradition' in 'Art Bulletin', Sept. 1951; XXXIII, 3
pp. 182, 183, 186
ill. 11

Huyghe, René, Le dessin français au XIXe siècle, Lausanne 1948
ill. pl. 105

Loran, Erle, Cézanne's composition, Los Angeles 1946
p. 101
ill. repr.

Novotny, Fritz, Cézanne und das Ende der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Mit ... Tafeln, Vienna 1938
list of motifs: p. 201, no. 68

Venturi, Lionello, Cézanne: son art, son oeuvre. 2 vols., Paris 1936
no. 1023
ill. repr.
dated 1890-1900; revised 1890-95

Home House Trustees, A catalogue of the pictures and other works of art at Home House, 20 Portman Square, London, London 1935
no. 22
erroneously as charcoal

Commemorative catalogue of the exhibition of French art, 1200-1900, Royal Academy, London, 1932 London 1933
no. 795
ill. pl. CCII

Sitwell, O., 'The Courtauld Collection' in 'Apollo', Aug. 1925
ill. p. 68

'Art at home and abroad: Water colours by Ceanne [sic]' in 'The New York Times', 12 March 1911
p. 15
Rewald 1983 thought the author might have been Elizabeth Luther Cary

Les aquarelles de Cézanne, Bernheim-Jeune, Paris, 1907
prob. exh. b/c acquired Feb. or March 1907, according to the online cat. rais.

Feilchenfeldt, Walter, Jayne Warman and David Nash, The paintings, watercolours and drawings of Paul Cezanne. An online catalogue raisonné, https://www.cezannecatalogue.com/catalogue/index.php
FWN 1167
ill. repr.
dated 1885-87

Samantha Friedman, Georgia O'Keeffe: To see takes time, The Museum of Modern Art, NY, 2023
pp. 62-63 ...Less

Inscriptions

Watermark: Verso, centre: "VIDALON"

Inscription: Verso: left lower edge, graphite, cut off and now illegible: "ann[?]"; lower right corner, blue crayon, underlined, Vollard/Bernheim-Jeune number: "158".

Collector's mark: none.

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